Coupled degassing and crystallization: experimental study at continuous pressure drop, with application to volcanic bombs     

Alexander G. Simakin  Pietro Armienti  M. B. Epel'baum 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,61(5):275-287

 Experiments on degassing of water-saturated granite melts with a pressure drop from 100 and 450 MPa to 40 and 120 MPa, respectively, at temperatures close to feldspar liquidus (750–700  °C), were carried out to determine the modality of water exsolution and vesicle formation at the liquidus temperature. Pressure-drop rates as small as approximately 100 bar/day were used. Uniform space distributions of bubbles of exsolved water were obtained with starting glass containing a small fraction (≈0.5 vol.%) of trapped air bubbles. Volume crystallization of feldspar was observed in degassed melts supplied with seeds. Bubble size distributions (BSD) measured in granite glasses after degassing are presented. Data on vesicle characteristics (number, radius, area, elongation) were acquired on images digitized with standard software, while the reconstruction of size distributions was performed with the Schwartz-Saltikov "unfolding" procedure. Bubble size distributions of size classes in the range 5–1000 μm were acquired with proper magnification and satisfactory statistical reliability of determined number densities. The BSDs of the experimental samples are compared with the results of measurements of rapidly degassed products of Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island. Many particular features of the bubble nucleation and growth can be distinguished in an individual BSD. However, the general BSD of the whole data set, including natural ones, can be relatively well described with linear regression in bilogarithmic coordinates. The slope of this regression is approximately 2.8±0.1. This dependence is in striking contrast with distributions theoretically predicted with classical nucleation models based on homogeneous nucleation of vesicles. The theoretical distribution requires the occurrence of strong maxima that are not observed in our experimental and natural samples, thus arguing for heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms. Received: 1 October 1998 / Accepted: 25 June 1999  相似文献   

碘化银核化过程的数值模拟研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  

刘诗军  胡志晋  游来光 《气象学报》2005,63(1):30-40

根据DeMott等给出的不同成核机制下AgI成核效率的实验结果 ,通过数值模拟的方法 ,研究了AgI粒子在云室、层状云和对流云中的核化过程。通过对云室的模拟 ,发现云滴浓度和云雾持续时间是造成不同云室检测的AgI成核率相差悬殊的主要原因。数值试验结果表明AgI的成核方式在层状云和对流云中有很大不同 :层状云中AgI主要以接触冻结、浸没冻结等慢核化过程为主 ,而对流云中则以凝结冻结过程为主。  相似文献   

A two-moment parameterization of aerosol nucleation and impaction scavenging for a warm cloud microphysics: description and results from a two-dimensional simulation     

D. Caro  W. Wobrock  A. I. Flossmann  N. Chaumerliac 《Atmospheric Research》2004,70(3-4):171-208

A new two-moment warm bulk scheme has been developed including explicitly nucleation and impaction scavenging of aerosol particles as well as all other microphysical processes. The scheme is built upon a quasispectral representation of the aerosol particle, cloud droplet and raindrop distributions. It predicts mixing ratios and number concentrations for each category. Each process is treated explicitly and independently to establish an analytic expression for each contribution for the time-dependant microphysical equations. The scheme has been tested in the dynamical framework of a two-dimensional kinematic model, developed for the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP, 1990). In this frame, the scheme has performed reasonably well compared to the observations as well as to other similar parameterization schemes, and to the spectral model DESCAM.Sensitivity tests demonstrate the great sensitivity of the scheme to the initial aerosol spectrum characteristics. Moreover, they have also shown its capability to calculate nucleation and impaction scavenging and to follow the taken up particle mass in the cloud and raindrop spectra until the deposition on the ground by the rain.Therefore, the parameterization offers a possibility of treating the evolution of the liquid phase of the cloud together with the aerosol particle scavenging. However, due to the severe limitations of a two-dimensional kinematic model, the scheme needs to be further validated in a three-dimensional dynamical model.  相似文献   

变质岩中变斑晶成核生长及旋转问题的述评   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

肖龙  汪劲草 《地质科技情报》1993,12(3):25-31

发生递进变形的变质岩中,斑晶成核生长于变形分解作用的递进缩短带内,斑晶的大小受两侧递进剪切变形带的限制。除少数螺旋状石榴石外,产于共轴或非共轴递进不均匀缩短变形过程中的斑晶不发生旋转,斑晶内部包体形迹(Si)反映外部面理(Se)的再活化。利用未旋转斑晶中的包体形迹可以确定早期面理的取向,寻找构造演化的时间标志,确定褶皱轴迹等,本文给出了斑晶中包体形迹弯曲的成因模式图。  相似文献   

A theoretical evaluation of water oligomer populations in the Earth's atmosphere     

Zdeněk Slanina 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(3):185-190

Atmospheric water vapour is treated as an equilibrium mixture of gas-phase water clusters, (H₂O) _i , using recent precise quantum-chemical data on these species. It is shown that within a typical atmospheric temperature/humidity profile, the cluster populations in the Earth's atmosphere decrease with increasing height, being of the order of magnitude of 0.1 mg/m³ and 0.1 g/m³ for the water dimer and trimer, respectively, in the atmospheric pressure region of 700–800 mb.Dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the preparation of the first artificial snow crystal by Prof. Ukitiro Nakaya at the Hokkaido University on 12 March, 1936 (see, e.g., Nakaya et al. (1938)).  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of Earthquake Nucleation Process and Seismic Precursors on Faults   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

He Changrong 《中国地震研究》2000,14(3):199-212

To understand precursory phenomena before seismic fault sliP,this work focuses onearthquake nucleation process on a fault plane through numerical simulation.Rate and statedependent friction law with variable normal stress is employed in the analysis.The resultsshow that in the late stage of nucleation process:(1)The maximum slip velocity ismonotonically accelerating;(2)The slipping hot spot(where the slip rate is maximum)migrates spontaneously from a certain instant,and such migration is spatially continuous;(3)When the maximum velocity reaches a detectable order of magnitude(at least one orderof magnitude greater than the loading rate),the remaining time is 20 hours or longer,andthe temporal variation of slip velocity beyond this point may be used as a precursoryindicator;(4)The average slip velocity is related to the remaining time by a log-log linearrelation,which means that a similar relation between rate of microseismicity and remainingtime may also exist;(5)when normal stress variation is taken int  相似文献   

The homogenization temperature in the fluid inclusions of Ordovician halite and paleoclimatic implication     

HU Bin  KONG Fanjing  ZHANG Yongsheng  ZHENG Mianping  CHEN Jing 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z1):10-11

正1 Introduction The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions reflects the temperatures of the brines from which halite crystals grew.Therefore,it is a powerful mean to reveal the paleoclimate.Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin is located in the central and eastern of Ordos Basin.We have detail petrographical research and the homogenization  相似文献   

热水条件下黑云母断层泥的摩擦强度与稳定性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

路珍  何昌荣 《地球物理学报》2014,57(4):1123-1132

黑云母是自然界常见的层状硅酸盐矿物,其摩擦系数不高且化学稳定性好,对其摩擦性质的关注可能会对弱断层的研究有所帮助.本次工作选取的实验温度条件对应于典型地壳强度模型中脆塑性转化带的范围,为300 ℃和400 ℃.有效正应力为200 MPa,孔隙水压包括10 MPa和30 MPa,在此条件下对黑云母模拟断层泥进行摩擦实验研究.实验得出黑云母的摩擦系数平均在0.36左右.速度依赖性随温度升高速度弱化的程度增强,表现为300 ℃为十分微弱的速度弱化,而在400 ℃出现了黏滑行为,代表了更强的速度弱化.显微结构中同时出现了脆性剪切变形和塑性扭折变形,但决定宏观力学性质的显然是脆性剪切变形.在黑云母存在的情况下,本研究的实验结果有助于理解大陆地壳脆塑性转化带中地震的可能性和弱断层深部的变形机制、宏观力学行为以及地震活动.  相似文献   

则木河断裂带大箐断层枢纽运动的有限元数值模拟研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

高翔  邓起东  陈汉林  洪汉净 《地球物理学报》2014,57(7):2138-2149

变形局部化问题和地震成核问题,是构造变形机制与大地震研究中极其重要的问题.对走滑断裂的运动和走滑型地震而言,断裂枢纽运动是断裂带上变形局部化和地震成核孕育的条件,认识这一运动过程和机制是了解走滑断裂上地震孕育、发生机制的关键之一.本文在前人工作的基础上,以则木河左旋走滑断裂大箐断层为例,测量了大箐断层大箐梁子断头沟台地-五道箐盆地之间的构造和地貌变形,揭示了大箐走滑断层枢纽运动构造和地貌四象限分布的特点,并且在定量分析其枢纽运动的基础上,利用数值模拟方法,模拟了断裂的枢纽运动,结果表明,走滑断裂的枢纽运动表现出典型的掀斜特征,随着断层面倾角的减小,枢纽运动程度加深;随着断层面闭锁区面积的增大,枢纽运动明显受阻;发现在闭锁区及其附近存在一个应力集中区使得应力由外向内一直处于积累状态,反映了地震的成核过程.  相似文献   

基于矩张量的深埋隧洞岩爆机制分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

明华军  冯夏庭  陈炳瑞  张传庆 《岩土力学》2013,34(1):163-172

以锦屏二级水电站微震监测数据为基础,将矩张量引入到深埋隧洞岩爆机制分析研究中。对分析过程中遇到的2个关键问题提出了针对性的建议：① 隧洞工程为线性工程,传感器布置空间有限,难以形成良性传感器阵列,矩张量分析结果的可靠性受到很大的影响,为此,提出了数值计算过程中的坐标系空间旋转法。该方法按最优路径旋转隧道坐标系,使对于同一个事件的每个传感器,源-传感器射线到新坐标系的3个方向余弦差值在10倍数值范围以内,在数值计算过程中,可以得到较理想的矩张量结果。②针对Ohtsu使用矩张量分解判断岩石破裂类型的方法中,提出的各分量比重计算公式,仅适用于各分量均为受拉的情况。考虑快速掘进条件下隧洞工程受力方向的不确定性,扩展其分量比重计算公式到更一般适用状态。在此基础上,建立了一套完整的岩爆孕育过程矩张量分析方法。利用该方法对锦屏二级水电站典型岩爆微震数据进行分析,结果表明,该方法可以较好地解释岩爆孕育过程岩石破裂演化机制。  相似文献